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美股判官
2023-05-10
@空军大队长
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美股判官
2020-04-25
$Tilray Inc.(TLRY)$
$特斯拉(TSLA)$
$波音(BA)$
$亚马逊(AMZN)$
$Zoom(ZM)$
$苹果(AAPL)$
Are u OK?
美股判官
2020-03-24
$GLD 20200331 161.0 CALL(GLD)$
Thank you, Fed
美股判官
2019-12-30
$蔚来(NIO)$
4.35
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href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">$亚马逊(AMZN)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/ZM\">$Zoom(ZM)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">$苹果(AAPL)$</a>Are u OK?","listText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TLRY\">$Tilray Inc.(TLRY)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TSLA\">$特斯拉(TSLA)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/BA\">$波音(BA)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">$亚马逊(AMZN)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/ZM\">$Zoom(ZM)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">$苹果(AAPL)$</a>Are u OK?","text":"$Tilray Inc.(TLRY)$$特斯拉(TSLA)$$波音(BA)$$亚马逊(AMZN)$$Zoom(ZM)$$苹果(AAPL)$Are u OK?","images":[{"img":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/3cf2804174f5957d08bb9165f5633c7a","width":"750","height":"780"}],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":1,"commentSize":3,"repostSize":1,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/925319167","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2531,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":1,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":920695449,"gmtCreate":1584984521481,"gmtModify":1705296499464,"author":{"id":"3433023691829222","authorId":"3433023691829222","name":"美股判官","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/42554bc1fcf5ab0f4dec98e8a1d32c23","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3433023691829222","authorIdStr":"3433023691829222"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GLD\">$GLD 20200331 161.0 CALL(GLD)$</a>Thank you, Fed","listText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GLD\">$GLD 20200331 161.0 CALL(GLD)$</a>Thank you, Fed","text":"$GLD 20200331 161.0 CALL(GLD)$Thank you, Fed","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/920695449","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":364,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":913537164,"gmtCreate":1577719784358,"gmtModify":1705418563240,"author":{"id":"3433023691829222","authorId":"3433023691829222","name":"美股判官","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/42554bc1fcf5ab0f4dec98e8a1d32c23","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3433023691829222","authorIdStr":"3433023691829222"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/NIO\">$蔚来(NIO)$</a> 4.35","listText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/NIO\">$蔚来(NIO)$</a> 4.35","text":"$蔚来(NIO)$ 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OK?","listText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TLRY\">$Tilray Inc.(TLRY)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TSLA\">$特斯拉(TSLA)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/BA\">$波音(BA)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">$亚马逊(AMZN)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/ZM\">$Zoom(ZM)$</a><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">$苹果(AAPL)$</a>Are u OK?","text":"$Tilray Inc.(TLRY)$$特斯拉(TSLA)$$波音(BA)$$亚马逊(AMZN)$$Zoom(ZM)$$苹果(AAPL)$Are u OK?","images":[{"img":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/3cf2804174f5957d08bb9165f5633c7a","width":"750","height":"780"}],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":1,"commentSize":3,"repostSize":1,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/925319167","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2531,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":1,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":656682686,"gmtCreate":1683672533847,"gmtModify":1683682205514,"author":{"id":"3433023691829222","authorId":"3433023691829222","name":"美股判官","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/42554bc1fcf5ab0f4dec98e8a1d32c23","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3433023691829222","authorIdStr":"3433023691829222"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/U/74125836878304\">@空军大队长 </a>","listText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/U/74125836878304\">@空军大队长 </a>","text":"@空军大队长","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/656682686","repostId":"2334722223","repostType":2,"repost":{"id":"2334722223","kind":"news","pubTimestamp":1683641719,"share":"https://ttm.financial/m/news/2334722223?lang=&edition=fundamental","pubTime":"2023-05-09 22:15","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"英伟达独霸时代结束？ChatGPT引爆谷歌微软芯片大战，亚马逊也入局","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=2334722223","media":"新智元","summary":"ChatGPT引爆了芯片界「百家争鸣」，谷歌、微软、亚马逊纷纷入局芯片大战，英伟达恐怕不再一家独大。ChatGPT爆火之后，谷歌和微软两巨头的AI大战战火，已经烧到了新的领域——服务器芯片。如今，AI","content":"<html><head></head><body><blockquote>ChatGPT引爆了芯片界「百家争鸣」，谷歌、微软、亚马逊纷纷入局芯片大战，英伟达恐怕不再一家独大。</blockquote><p>ChatGPT爆火之后，<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GOOG\">谷歌</a>和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/MSFT\">微软</a>两巨头的AI大战战火，已经烧到了新的领域——服务器芯片。</p><p>如今，AI和云计算都成了必争之地，而芯片，也成为降低成本、赢得商业客户的关键。</p><p>原本，<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">亚马逊</a>、微软、谷歌这类大厂，都是以软件而闻名的，而现在，它们纷纷斥资数十亿美元，用于芯片开发和生产。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/d7e49f3bef3efc25793e385cfb981184\" alt=\"各大科技巨头研发的AI芯片\" title=\"各大科技巨头研发的AI芯片\" tg-width=\"1080\" tg-height=\"607\"/><span>各大科技巨头研发的AI芯片</span></p><p><strong>ChatGPT爆火，大厂开启芯片争霸赛</strong></p><p>根据外媒The Information的报道以及其他来源，这三家大厂现在已经推出或计划发布8款服务器和AI芯片，用于内部产品开发、云服务器租赁或者二者兼有。</p><p>“如果你能制造出针对AI进行优化的硅，那前方等待你的将是巨大的胜利”，研究公司Forrester的董事Glenn O’Donnell这样说。</p><p>付出这些巨大的努力，一定会得到回报吗？</p><p>答案是，并不一定。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/92c58bb9a500fa1734275375f5acd50f\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"500\" tg-height=\"224\"/></p><p><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/INTC\">英特尔</a>、AMD和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/NVDA\">英伟达</a>可以从规模经济中获益，但对大型科技公司来说，情况远非如此。</p><p>它们还面临着许多棘手的挑战，比如需要聘请芯片设计师，还要说服开发者使用他们定制的芯片构建应用程序。</p><p>不过，大厂们已经在这一领域取得了令人瞩目的进步。</p><p>根据公布的性能数据，亚马逊的Graviton服务器芯片，以及亚马逊和谷歌发布的AI专用芯片，在性能上已经可以和传统的芯片厂商相媲美。</p><p>亚马逊、微软和谷歌为其数据中心开发的芯片，主要有这两种：标准计算芯片和用于训练和运行机器学习模型的专用芯片。正是后者，为ChatGPT之类的大语言模型提供了动力。</p><p>此前，<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">苹果</a>成功地为iPhone，iPad和Mac开发了芯片，改善了一些AI任务的处理。这些大厂，或许正是跟苹果学来的灵感。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/18da5c3fe29b36b77e2a0c06f1a66858\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"728\" tg-height=\"382\"/></p><p>在三家大厂中，亚马逊是唯一一家在服务器中提供两种芯片的云服务商，2015年收购的以色列芯片设计商Annapurna Labs，为这些工作奠定了基础。</p><p>谷歌在2015年推出了一款用于AI工作负载的芯片，并正在开发一款标准服务器芯片，以提高谷歌云的服务器性能。</p><p>相比之下，微软的芯片研发开始得较晚，是在2019年启动的，而最近，微软更加快了推出专为LLM设计的AI芯片的时间轴。</p><p>而ChatGPT的爆火，点燃了全世界用户对于AI的兴奋。这更促进了三家大厂的战略转型。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/ca3cd473a03b6e5160c3681d1b2eff89\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"800\" tg-height=\"534\"/></p><p>ChatGPT运行在微软的Azure云上，使用了上万块英伟达A100。无论是ChatGPT，还是其他整合进Bing和各种程序的OpenAI软件，都需要如此多的算力，以至于微软已经为开发AI的内部团队分配了服务器硬件。</p><p>在亚马逊，首席财务官Brian Olsavsky在上周的财报电话会议上告诉投资者，亚马逊计划将支出从零售业务转移到AWS，部分原因是投资于支持ChatGPT所需的基础设施。</p><p>在谷歌，负责制造张量处理单元的工程团队已经转移到谷歌云。据悉，云组织现在可以为TPU和在其上运行的软件制定路线图，希望让云客户租用更多TPU驱动的服务器。</p><p><strong>谷歌：为AI特调的TPU V4</strong></p><p>早在2020年，谷歌就在自家的数据中心上部署了当时最强的AI芯片——TPU v4。</p><p>不过直到今年的4月4日，谷歌才首次公布了这台AI超算的技术细节。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/0690ee25b0f2aaecc65aeb54a8db428b\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"1080\" tg-height=\"593\"/></p><p>相比于TPU v3，TPU v4的性能要高出2.1倍，而在整合4096个芯片之后，超算的性能更是提升了10倍。</p><p>同时，谷歌还声称，自家芯片要比英伟达A100更快、更节能。对于规模相当的系统，TPU v4可以提供比英伟达A100强1.7倍的性能，同时在能效上也能提高1.9倍。</p><p>对于相似规模的系统，TPU v4在BERT上比A100快1.15倍，比IPU快大约4.3倍。对于ResNet，TPU v4分别快1.67倍和大约4.5倍。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/101223a8a12806cfc2fa2a826f048f98\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"780\" tg-height=\"452\"/></p><p>另外，谷歌曾暗示，它正在研发一款与Nvidia H100竞争的新TPU。谷歌研究员Jouppi在接受路透社采访时表示，谷歌拥有“未来芯片的生产线”。</p><p><strong>微软：秘密武器雅典娜</strong></p><p>不管怎么说，微软在这场芯片纷争中，依旧跃跃欲试。</p><p>此前有消息爆出，微软秘密组建的300人团队，在2019年时就开始研发一款名为“雅典娜”（Athena）的定制芯片。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/ff32948451fc5fb506c50218077142e3\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"1080\" tg-height=\"608\"/></p><p>根据最初的计划，“雅典娜”会使用<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TSM\">台积电</a>的5nm工艺打造，预计可以将每颗芯片的成本降低1/3。</p><p>如果在明年能够大面积实装，微软内部和OpenAI的团队便可以借助“雅典娜”同时完成模型的训练和推理。</p><p>这样一来，就可以极大地缓解专用计算机紧缺的问题。</p><p>彭博社在上周的报道中，称微软的芯片部门已与AMD合作开发雅典娜芯片，这也导致AMD的股价在周四上涨了6.5%。</p><p>但一位知情者表示，AMD并未参与其中，而是在开发自己的GPU，与英伟达竞争，并且AMD一直在与微软讨论芯片的设计，因为微软预计要购买这款GPU。</p><p><strong>亚马逊：已抢跑一个身位</strong></p><p>而在与微软和谷歌的芯片竞赛中，亚马逊似乎已经领先了一个身位。</p><p>在过去的十年中，亚马逊在云计算服务方面，通过提供更加先进的技术和更低的价格，一直保持了对微软和谷歌的竞争优势。</p><p>而未来十年内，亚马逊也有望通过自己内部开发的服务器芯片——Graviton，继续在竞争中保持优势。</p><p>作为最新一代的处理器，AWS Graviton3在计算性能上比上一代提高多达25%，浮点性能提高多达2倍。并支持DDR5内存，相比DDR4内存带宽增加了50%。</p><p>针对机器学习工作负载，AWS Graviton3比上一代的性能高出多达3倍，并支持 bfloat16。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/0d19af72c9e6355e76551f19aa45cb48\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"1024\" tg-height=\"471\"/></p><p>基于Graviton 3芯片的云服务在一些地区非常受欢迎，甚至于达到了供不应求的状态。</p><p>亚马逊另一方面的优势还表现在，它是目前唯一一家在其服务器中提供标准计算芯片（Graviton）和AI专用芯片（Inferentia和Trainium）云供应商。</p><p>早在2019年，亚马逊就推出了自己的AI推理芯片——Inferentia。</p><p>它可以让客户可以在云端低成本运行大规模机器学习推理应用程序，例如图像识别、语音识别、自然语言处理、个性化和欺诈检测。</p><p>而最新的Inferentia 2更是在计算性能提高了3倍，加速器总内存扩大了4倍，吞吐量提高了4倍，延迟降低到1/10。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/10067987011c905d7adb326f7e2f0f2c\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"1080\" tg-height=\"614\"/></p><p>在初代Inferentia推出之后，亚马逊又发布了其设计的主要用于AI训练的定制芯片——Trainium。</p><p>它对深度学习训练工作负载进行了优化，包括图像分类、语义搜索、翻译、语音识别、自然语言处理和推荐引擎等。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f3ba57317936b14e104f278577aac690\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"865\" tg-height=\"382\"/></p><p>在一些情况下，芯片定制不仅仅可以把成本降低一个数量级，能耗减少到1/10，并且这些定制化的方案可以给客户以更低的延迟提供更好的服务。</p><p><strong>撼动英伟达的垄断，没那么容易</strong></p><p>不过到目前为止，大多数的AI负载还是跑在GPU上的，而英伟达生产了其中的大部分芯片。</p><p>据此前报道，英伟达独立GPU市场份额达80%，在高端GPU市场份额高达90%。</p><p>20年，全世界跑AI的云计算与数据中心，80.6%都由英伟达GPU驱动。21年，英伟达表示，全球前500个超算中，大约七成是由自家的芯片驱动。</p><p>而现在，就连运行ChatGPT的微软数据中心用了上万块英伟达A100 GPU。</p><p>一直以来，不管是成为顶流的ChatGPT，还是Bard、Stable Diffusion等模型，背后都是由每个大约价值1万美元的芯片英伟达A100提供算力。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c33f78dfa5cc8233ff32625a5924fe86\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"740\" tg-height=\"416\"/></p><p>不仅如此，A100目前已成为人工智能专业人士的“主力”。2022人工智能现状报告还列出了使用A100超级计算机部分公司的名单。</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9d220e98d16ada92a6fd5d48e05fb5cf\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"920\" tg-height=\"582\"/></p><p>显而易见，英伟达已经垄断了全球算力，凭借自家的芯片，一统江湖。</p><p>根据从业者的说法，相比于通用芯片，亚马逊、谷歌和微软一直在研发的专用集成电路（ASIC）芯片，在执行机器学习任务的速度更快，功耗更低。</p><p>O’Donnell董事在比较GPU和ASIC时，用了这样一个比较：“平时开车，你可以用普锐斯，但如果你必须在山上用四轮驱动，用吉普牧马人就会更合适。”</p><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/90829da8a6f5a2d8163bf3716f607e95\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" tg-width=\"1080\" tg-height=\"608\"/></p><p>然而尽管已经做出了种种努力，但亚马逊、谷歌和微软都面临着挑战——如何说服开发者使用这些AI芯片呢？</p><p>现在，英伟达的GPU是占主导地位的，开发者早已熟悉其专有的编程语言CUDA，用于制作GPU驱动的应用程序。</p><p>如果换到亚马逊、谷歌或微软的定制芯片，就需要学习全新的软件语言了，他们会愿意吗？</p></body></html>","source":"lsy1569730104218","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>英伟达独霸时代结束？ChatGPT引爆谷歌微软芯片大战，亚马逊也入局</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n英伟达独霸时代结束？ChatGPT引爆谷歌微软芯片大战，亚马逊也入局\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2023-05-09 22:15 北京时间 <a href=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mDDh98MDwqq31IGc3xpj5A><strong>新智元</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>ChatGPT引爆了芯片界「百家争鸣」，谷歌、微软、亚马逊纷纷入局芯片大战，英伟达恐怕不再一家独大。ChatGPT爆火之后，谷歌和微软两巨头的AI大战战火，已经烧到了新的领域——服务器芯片。如今，AI和云计算都成了必争之地，而芯片，也成为降低成本、赢得商业客户的关键。原本，亚马逊、微软、谷歌这类大厂，都是以软件而闻名的，而现在，它们纷纷斥资数十亿美元，用于芯片开发和生产。各大科技巨头研发的AI芯片...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mDDh98MDwqq31IGc3xpj5A\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/3009f8f41e8235e7bbbf9b09a66a4539","relate_stocks":{"LU0052756011.USD":"TEMPLETON GLOBAL BALANCED \"A\" (USD) INC","LU0642271901.SGD":"Janus Henderson Horizon Global Technology Leaders A2 SGD-H","IE00B3S45H60.SGD":"Neuberger Berman US Multicap Opportunities A Acc SGD-H","BK4097":"系统软件","LU0889565833.HKD":"FRANKLIN TECHNOLOGY \"A\" (HKD) ACC","LU0082616367.USD":"摩根大通美国科技A（dist）","BK4573":"虚拟现实","AMZN":"亚马逊","LU0719512351.SGD":"JPMorgan Funds - US Technology A (acc) SGD","LU0080751232.USD":"富达环球多元动力基金A","IE00BJJMRY28.SGD":"Janus Henderson Balanced A Inc SGD","LU1242518857.USD":"FULLERTON LUX FUNDS - ASIA ABSOLUTE ALPHA \"I\" (USD) ACC","NVDA":"英伟达","IE00BSNM7G36.USD":"NEUBERGER BERMAN SYSTEMATIC GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE VALUE \"A\" (USD) ACC","LU0353189763.USD":"ALLSPRING US ALL CAP GROWTH FUND \"I\" (USD) 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ACC"},"source_url":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mDDh98MDwqq31IGc3xpj5A","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"2334722223","content_text":"ChatGPT引爆了芯片界「百家争鸣」，谷歌、微软、亚马逊纷纷入局芯片大战，英伟达恐怕不再一家独大。ChatGPT爆火之后，谷歌和微软两巨头的AI大战战火，已经烧到了新的领域——服务器芯片。如今，AI和云计算都成了必争之地，而芯片，也成为降低成本、赢得商业客户的关键。原本，亚马逊、微软、谷歌这类大厂，都是以软件而闻名的，而现在，它们纷纷斥资数十亿美元，用于芯片开发和生产。各大科技巨头研发的AI芯片ChatGPT爆火，大厂开启芯片争霸赛根据外媒The Information的报道以及其他来源，这三家大厂现在已经推出或计划发布8款服务器和AI芯片，用于内部产品开发、云服务器租赁或者二者兼有。“如果你能制造出针对AI进行优化的硅，那前方等待你的将是巨大的胜利”，研究公司Forrester的董事Glenn O’Donnell这样说。付出这些巨大的努力，一定会得到回报吗？答案是，并不一定。英特尔、AMD和英伟达可以从规模经济中获益，但对大型科技公司来说，情况远非如此。它们还面临着许多棘手的挑战，比如需要聘请芯片设计师，还要说服开发者使用他们定制的芯片构建应用程序。不过，大厂们已经在这一领域取得了令人瞩目的进步。根据公布的性能数据，亚马逊的Graviton服务器芯片，以及亚马逊和谷歌发布的AI专用芯片，在性能上已经可以和传统的芯片厂商相媲美。亚马逊、微软和谷歌为其数据中心开发的芯片，主要有这两种：标准计算芯片和用于训练和运行机器学习模型的专用芯片。正是后者，为ChatGPT之类的大语言模型提供了动力。此前，苹果成功地为iPhone，iPad和Mac开发了芯片，改善了一些AI任务的处理。这些大厂，或许正是跟苹果学来的灵感。在三家大厂中，亚马逊是唯一一家在服务器中提供两种芯片的云服务商，2015年收购的以色列芯片设计商Annapurna Labs，为这些工作奠定了基础。谷歌在2015年推出了一款用于AI工作负载的芯片，并正在开发一款标准服务器芯片，以提高谷歌云的服务器性能。相比之下，微软的芯片研发开始得较晚，是在2019年启动的，而最近，微软更加快了推出专为LLM设计的AI芯片的时间轴。而ChatGPT的爆火，点燃了全世界用户对于AI的兴奋。这更促进了三家大厂的战略转型。ChatGPT运行在微软的Azure云上，使用了上万块英伟达A100。无论是ChatGPT，还是其他整合进Bing和各种程序的OpenAI软件，都需要如此多的算力，以至于微软已经为开发AI的内部团队分配了服务器硬件。在亚马逊，首席财务官Brian Olsavsky在上周的财报电话会议上告诉投资者，亚马逊计划将支出从零售业务转移到AWS，部分原因是投资于支持ChatGPT所需的基础设施。在谷歌，负责制造张量处理单元的工程团队已经转移到谷歌云。据悉，云组织现在可以为TPU和在其上运行的软件制定路线图，希望让云客户租用更多TPU驱动的服务器。谷歌：为AI特调的TPU V4早在2020年，谷歌就在自家的数据中心上部署了当时最强的AI芯片——TPU v4。不过直到今年的4月4日，谷歌才首次公布了这台AI超算的技术细节。相比于TPU v3，TPU v4的性能要高出2.1倍，而在整合4096个芯片之后，超算的性能更是提升了10倍。同时，谷歌还声称，自家芯片要比英伟达A100更快、更节能。对于规模相当的系统，TPU v4可以提供比英伟达A100强1.7倍的性能，同时在能效上也能提高1.9倍。对于相似规模的系统，TPU v4在BERT上比A100快1.15倍，比IPU快大约4.3倍。对于ResNet，TPU v4分别快1.67倍和大约4.5倍。另外，谷歌曾暗示，它正在研发一款与Nvidia H100竞争的新TPU。谷歌研究员Jouppi在接受路透社采访时表示，谷歌拥有“未来芯片的生产线”。微软：秘密武器雅典娜不管怎么说，微软在这场芯片纷争中，依旧跃跃欲试。此前有消息爆出，微软秘密组建的300人团队，在2019年时就开始研发一款名为“雅典娜”（Athena）的定制芯片。根据最初的计划，“雅典娜”会使用台积电的5nm工艺打造，预计可以将每颗芯片的成本降低1/3。如果在明年能够大面积实装，微软内部和OpenAI的团队便可以借助“雅典娜”同时完成模型的训练和推理。这样一来，就可以极大地缓解专用计算机紧缺的问题。彭博社在上周的报道中，称微软的芯片部门已与AMD合作开发雅典娜芯片，这也导致AMD的股价在周四上涨了6.5%。但一位知情者表示，AMD并未参与其中，而是在开发自己的GPU，与英伟达竞争，并且AMD一直在与微软讨论芯片的设计，因为微软预计要购买这款GPU。亚马逊：已抢跑一个身位而在与微软和谷歌的芯片竞赛中，亚马逊似乎已经领先了一个身位。在过去的十年中，亚马逊在云计算服务方面，通过提供更加先进的技术和更低的价格，一直保持了对微软和谷歌的竞争优势。而未来十年内，亚马逊也有望通过自己内部开发的服务器芯片——Graviton，继续在竞争中保持优势。作为最新一代的处理器，AWS Graviton3在计算性能上比上一代提高多达25%，浮点性能提高多达2倍。并支持DDR5内存，相比DDR4内存带宽增加了50%。针对机器学习工作负载，AWS Graviton3比上一代的性能高出多达3倍，并支持 bfloat16。基于Graviton 3芯片的云服务在一些地区非常受欢迎，甚至于达到了供不应求的状态。亚马逊另一方面的优势还表现在，它是目前唯一一家在其服务器中提供标准计算芯片（Graviton）和AI专用芯片（Inferentia和Trainium）云供应商。早在2019年，亚马逊就推出了自己的AI推理芯片——Inferentia。它可以让客户可以在云端低成本运行大规模机器学习推理应用程序，例如图像识别、语音识别、自然语言处理、个性化和欺诈检测。而最新的Inferentia 2更是在计算性能提高了3倍，加速器总内存扩大了4倍，吞吐量提高了4倍，延迟降低到1/10。在初代Inferentia推出之后，亚马逊又发布了其设计的主要用于AI训练的定制芯片——Trainium。它对深度学习训练工作负载进行了优化，包括图像分类、语义搜索、翻译、语音识别、自然语言处理和推荐引擎等。在一些情况下，芯片定制不仅仅可以把成本降低一个数量级，能耗减少到1/10，并且这些定制化的方案可以给客户以更低的延迟提供更好的服务。撼动英伟达的垄断，没那么容易不过到目前为止，大多数的AI负载还是跑在GPU上的，而英伟达生产了其中的大部分芯片。据此前报道，英伟达独立GPU市场份额达80%，在高端GPU市场份额高达90%。20年，全世界跑AI的云计算与数据中心，80.6%都由英伟达GPU驱动。21年，英伟达表示，全球前500个超算中，大约七成是由自家的芯片驱动。而现在，就连运行ChatGPT的微软数据中心用了上万块英伟达A100 GPU。一直以来，不管是成为顶流的ChatGPT，还是Bard、Stable Diffusion等模型，背后都是由每个大约价值1万美元的芯片英伟达A100提供算力。不仅如此，A100目前已成为人工智能专业人士的“主力”。2022人工智能现状报告还列出了使用A100超级计算机部分公司的名单。显而易见，英伟达已经垄断了全球算力，凭借自家的芯片，一统江湖。根据从业者的说法，相比于通用芯片，亚马逊、谷歌和微软一直在研发的专用集成电路（ASIC）芯片，在执行机器学习任务的速度更快，功耗更低。O’Donnell董事在比较GPU和ASIC时，用了这样一个比较：“平时开车，你可以用普锐斯，但如果你必须在山上用四轮驱动，用吉普牧马人就会更合适。”然而尽管已经做出了种种努力，但亚马逊、谷歌和微软都面临着挑战——如何说服开发者使用这些AI芯片呢？现在，英伟达的GPU是占主导地位的，开发者早已熟悉其专有的编程语言CUDA，用于制作GPU驱动的应用程序。如果换到亚马逊、谷歌或微软的定制芯片，就需要学习全新的软件语言了，他们会愿意吗？","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":378,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":920695449,"gmtCreate":1584984521481,"gmtModify":1705296499464,"author":{"id":"3433023691829222","authorId":"3433023691829222","name":"美股判官","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/42554bc1fcf5ab0f4dec98e8a1d32c23","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3433023691829222","authorIdStr":"3433023691829222"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GLD\">$GLD 20200331 161.0 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