缺“芯”的拐点要来了？

华尔街见闻2021-07-16

销量暴涨的新能源车因为缺芯几乎要面临停工停产的危机，最近屡屡传出汽车厂商都有自己建设晶圆厂了念头了，全球的分析师都在关注半导体供需平衡与库存修正将在何时发生，更有一个指标历史上7次准确预言了半导体景气度的拐点。华尔街见闻·见智研究所通过分析半导体的周期来解答以下问题：缺芯何时缓解？当下是国产替代的机遇？预示危机的指标又是什么？一、从供需错配到再平衡 1、为什么缺芯？缺芯缺产能的底层逻辑就是...

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Comments

GameKK
2021-07-16
GameKK
這3-5年還是缺芯（需求上升）[財迷]
kenp
2021-07-16
kenp
Oh
想成为股神的小弟
2021-07-16
想成为股神的小弟
[財迷] [財迷]
jamiengan
2021-07-16
jamiengan
Wow
jamiengan
2021-07-16
jamiengan
Wow
- jamiengan:
  wow

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2022年半导体市场将增长8.8%，连续两年创历史新高。\nGartner预测：中国半导体企业到2025年市场的市场份额将从当下的15%提升至30%，近五年中国半导体将会快速渗透。\n全球晶圆厂最新扩建计划，中国是首位？今年6月份国际半导体产业协会SEMI发布报告称2021-2022年全球半导体制造商新增29座晶圆厂，分别于2021年建设19座，2022年再增加10座。\n从SEMI给出的数据来看，中国大陆和台湾地区两年间增加的晶圆厂数量是全球首位，共计16座，其次是美国4座，欧洲和中东一共增加3座，日本和韩国各两座。全部投产后，每月可生产260万片等效200mm晶圆。考虑到新增的晶圆厂建设周期较长，预计从2023年开始新增晶圆厂开始大幅采购半导体设备。\n\n那么国内半导体行业有存在怎样的机遇呢？华尔街见闻·见智研究所对四大行业的格局进行了分析。\n1、晶圆厂格局\n三星是全球市占率最大的晶圆厂，达到14.7%，折算约310万片/月的产能；其次是台积电市占率为13.1%，约270万片/月产能。美光和SK海力士位居第三、第四，市占率在9%左右，每家产能约为190万片/月。中芯国际的产能约为54万片/月，在全球排名前十二。（产能按8英寸折算）\n行业内5家最大的纯晶圆代工厂——台积电、联电、格芯、中芯国际和力晶（包括Nexchip）约占全球晶圆代工厂总产能的24％，行业集中度非常高。国内晶圆厂预计21年新增的产能75万片/月（按 8 英寸折算），其中新增产能的前三位分别是长江存储、华虹半导体和中芯国际。\n2、设备厂格局\n从设备类型的市场占比情况来看，前道晶圆制造设备占主要比重，高达80%，这其中主要包括刻蚀机、薄膜沉积设备和光刻机；其次封装和测试设备的占比比较小，分别为10%和8%。前道晶圆设备龙头包括泛林半导体、TEL、应用材料、ASML几乎是垄断了全球九成的份额。\n在国内的公司中，刻蚀机设备主要是北方华创和中微半导体。两个公司目前是差异化的布局，不存在直接竞争关系。北方华创的优势在于长硅刻蚀和金属刻蚀，而中微公司的优势在于长介质刻蚀。\n沉积设备：主要是北方华创和沈阳拓荆，两者在ALD和PVD方面存在一定程度的竞争，而在化学气相沉积方面只有沈阳拓荆在做，在今年7月12日沈阳拓荆在科创板IPO申请也已经获受理了。\n光刻设备：上海微电子已经突破了光刻机90/65的技术节点；沈阳芯源突破涂胶显影机90/65的技术节点。\n3、封测厂格局\n全球封测市场中CR3占比约六成，集中度很高，日月光占比就达到三成以上，其次是安靠和长电科技约一成以上，通富微电位居第五，市占率约4.4%。长电科技背靠中芯国际，通富微电背靠AMD。\n4、光刻胶格局\n半导体光刻胶主要分为四种类型，g线、i线、KrF线和ArF线。就占比情况来看ArF线占比最大，约四成，其次是KrF线两成，g线和i线共计两成。\n光刻胶九成份额被外国龙头垄断，今年由于日本信越化学的KrF光刻胶无限期断供，给国内公司很大的发展机遇，哪些厂商率先进入晶圆代工厂的生产线中，未来成长空间会非常大。\nArF线：北京科华（现被彤程新材收购）、晶瑞股份正在研发中；南大光电通过客户认证。\nKrF线：北京科华、上海新阳已经实现量产，晶瑞股份已完成测试。\ng线/i线：容大感光产能扩建中，北京科华可供应。\n三、产能过剩后的危机\n随着未来五年内半导体产能的大量投放，而需求增速的逐渐放缓，伴随而来的是半导体产能过剩，高库存的情况，必然会导致半导体市场价格的下跌。观测这一重要转折点要看什么？通过复盘半导体的历史周期，华尔街见闻·见智研究所观察到资本开支可作为预测拐点的领先指标。\n从历史规律来看，在资本开支大幅增长的一到两年后将会伴随半导体市场的大幅下跌。如1984年全球半导体行业资本开支增长106%，而后的第二年半导体市场下跌了17%。此后的四个周期也是出现相同的规律。直到2008年的下跌是由金融危机导致的，而后2010年资本开支出现大幅回升，达到107%，第二年半导体市场同样出现了暴跌。\n通过复盘历史得到非常重要的指标，那就是资本开始危险临界线。当资本开支增长超过40%的时候，通常预测未来会出现产能过剩和半导体增速下跌的情况。\n\n危机来临了吗？\n根据IC 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