中美监管冲突日深，中概股企业如何“活下去”？

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中美监管冲突日深，中概股企业如何“活下去”？

财经E法2021-07-09

文／王轩吴小亮滴滴最近遭遇的风波，实则是由中概股在美上市引发的巨大震荡，其根源是中美两国正在成熟定型中的监管理念和模式的不同。美国2021年通过和生效的《外国公司问责法》赋予了相关机构对赴美上市企业，尤其是中国企业前所未有严苛的调取数据的权力。对中国而言，必须在立法、执法乃至司法层面上有所回应，在应对外国政府滥用国家权力打击他国企业方面形成“组合拳”。对于中概股而言，既要坚持作为中国企业的...

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Comment（13）

EliTan
·2021-07-11
Ok
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sunshine268
·2021-07-10
.....
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WH880708
·2021-07-10
好樣的
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jjshlq
·2021-07-10
美概股泥。。
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1
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求金
·2021-07-10
[暗中觀察]
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2
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- 求金:
  [强]
  2021-07-10
  Reply
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海星辰
·2021-07-10
中概股太難了
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- 求金:
  [鼓掌]
  2021-07-10
  Reply
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Justin_L
·2021-07-10
不讓資金出逃
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53570b80
·2021-07-10
複雜的環境
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坐等收钱
·2021-07-10
已閱
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洁净
·2021-07-10
好
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- CandyGoh:
  good
  2021-07-10
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瀚妈
·2021-07-09
好
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1
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theng
·2021-07-09
哈哈哈好運來
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- Zanderr:
  ?
  2021-07-10
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- 瀚妈:
  ok
  2021-07-09
  Reply
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kennynyap
·2021-07-09
Good luck
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- DavidLeeT:
  珍惜生命远离中概
  2021-07-09
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Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","isBrief":false,"type":0,"news_type":1,"symbol":"513050","symbol_name":"中概互联网ETF","start_time":0,"source_url":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/VNnb4yvS7TCHMgoM8Hprwg","article_id":"1164526375","we_media_id":null,"thumbnails":["https://static.tigerbbs.com/9ca62ca91eb97288b80ea2e0fce76c79"],"rights":null,"url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1164526375","pubTimestamp":1625838643,"columns":[],"sourceInfo":{"source_id":"lsy1597039355891","name":"财经E法"},"weMediaInfo":null,"summary":"既要坚持作为中国企业的立场和担当，又要在“夹缝中求生存”。","collect":0,"end_time":0,"defaultTopTitle":"qq.com","property":[],"viewcount":null,"language":"zh","relate_stocks":{"513050":"中概互联网ETF"},"translate_title":"With the deepening regulatory conflict between China and the United States, how can Chinese stock companies \"survive\"?","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/eb124a5e0cbad4ac2cd887a96b875da5","symbols_score_info":{"513050":0.9},"content_text":"文／王轩 吴小亮\n滴滴最近遭遇的风波，实则是由中概股在美上市引发的巨大震荡，其根源是中美两国正在成熟定型中的监管理念和模式的不同。\n美国2021年通过和生效的《外国公司问责法》赋予了相关机构对赴美上市企业，尤其是中国企业前所未有严苛的调取数据的权力。对中国而言，必须在立法、执法乃至司法层面上有所回应，在应对外国政府滥用国家权力打击他国企业方面形成“组合拳”。\n对于中概股而言，既要坚持作为中国企业的立场和担当，又要在“夹缝中求生存”，积极应对中美执法困境。\n《外国公司问责法》背后的法律冲突\n2002年在安然公司会计丑闻后，美国出台《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》，对中概股引起巨大震荡的《外国公司问责法案》是对《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》的修正，其核心内容是要求在美上市的外国公司必须满足美国的会计监管要求，尤其是加强美国公众公司会计监督委员会（Public Company AccountingOversight Board，下称“PCAOB”）的执行效果。\n尽管《外国公司问责法》针对所有在美上市的外国公司，但通常认为主要针对对象是中概股公司，根据PCAOB发布的数据，不能满足美国的审计监管要求的在美上市公司中，中国内地和中国香港地区的占到了接近90%。\n《外国公司问责法》相对于《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》的变化主要包括三点：\n一是在美上市公司必须接受美国监管机构即PCAOB的审计，将PCAOB无法实施全面检查的年份确立为无法检查年度（non-inspectionyear）；\n二是被美国证券交易委员会（下称“SEC”）识别为出现无法检查年度的在美上市外国公司，应当提供材料以证明其不为外国司法管辖区的政府机构持有或控制。应当披露其所在外国司法管辖区的政府机构持有的股份比例、政府机构是否对在美上市外国公司拥有控制性财务利益、该在美上市外国公司或在美上市外国公司运营实体董事会中属于中国共产党官员的成员姓名，以及该在美上市外国公司章程性文件中是否包含中国共产党章程或相关内容等信息。其中一个关键点是，如何判断或界定政府持股的比例以及中国共产党官员，包括如何判断中国的国有企业等。\n三是如果连续三年外国企业未能遵守PCAOB的审计要求，将禁止该公司在美国证券交易所上市。这就是为什么在《外国公司问责法》生效后，很多人认为绝大部分中概股企业将无法满足审计要求，将在三年内选择退市或赴港二次上市的判断依据。\n从《外国公司责任法》的出台时间来看，其不仅仅是对所谓在美上市企业诚信合法的审查要求，更有着复杂的国际形势背景和对中国予以遏制的用意。\n作为《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》最重要产物的PCAOB成立于2003年，是国际上首个注册会计师行业的独立监管机构。其成立近20年来，与中国政府、中概股公司、在中国内地和香港的会计师事务所之间的合作、摩擦、博弈从未停止。事实上，无论是SEC还是PCAOB在此前并没有对中概股提出严格的审计要求。其最根本原因是在上一个十年，美国政府和投资人看好中国新兴资本市场和科技公司，从资本和利益出发分享中国发展的红利。\n随着中美两国竞争加剧，尤其是在新的国家安全、数据主权背景下，不能单纯地将《外国公司问责法》的出台看作是针对中概股企业的审计责任和批露义务的强化，而实质体现出中国和美国两种正在成熟定型中的监管理念和模式的不同，以法律规则的冲突形式表现出来，而受冲击最大的无疑是中概股企业。\n中国“以法还法”的回应和应对\n中国入世20年以来，不断参与国际贸易、学习适应国际贸易规则，并积极参与规则制定，特别是最近两三年，中国“师夷长技以制夷”，运用法律规制的制定、执行等“以法还法”的方式来回应和应对一些国家单边对中国企业的歧视性制裁。\n无论是2020年在《技术出口管理条例》基础上在技术出口管制目录中增加新的待审查批准方可出口的技术种类，还是商务部《不可靠实体清单规定》中对外国实体在国际经贸及相关活动中的危害中国国家主权、安全、发展利益等行为采取相应措施，再到2021年6月10日，十三届全国人大常委会审议通过了《反外国制裁法》，中国应对外国政府滥用国家权力打击他国企业正在形成“组合拳”。\n针对中概股企业遭遇的美国歧视性执法，中国也正在紧急研究，推出系列法律规则。7月6日中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于依法从严打击证券违法活动的意见》就是这一体系中的重要组成部分。其中规定：加强跨境监管合作。完善数据安全、跨境数据流动、涉密信息管理等相关法律法规。抓紧修订关于加强在境外发行证券与上市相关保密和档案管理工作的规定，压实境外上市公司信息安全主体责任。加强跨境信息提供机制与流程的规范管理。坚持依法和对等原则，进一步深化跨境审计监管合作。探索加强国际证券执法协作的有效路径和方式，积极参与国际金融治理，推动建立打击跨境证券违法犯罪行为的执法联盟。\n从上述规定可以看出，中国在继续倡导构建跨境执法合作体制，即在中国倡导的国家主权、国家安全的框架体系下，通过执法合作实现证券领域和数据领域的执法管辖，而非美国通过云法案和《外国公司问责法》构建的在协议安排基础上的直接执法模式。\n通过比较也可以发现，无论是此前的TikTok事件引发的对数据跨境流动和管辖的讨论，还是此次滴滴赴美上市触发国家网络安全监管所反应的资本市场和上市公司的跨境监管问题，背后都体现了中美规则制定权的博弈，双方在国家安全、数据主权、资本监管等重大问题上，理念和模式都已经基本成型，博弈的重点是按照自己的理念和模式引导国际规则的制定。因此，上述问题中，表现形式是法律规则冲突，背后是两种不断成熟定型中的规制模式和理念的对抗。\n中概股企业“危中有机”\nPCAOB作为国际上首个注册会计师行业的独立监管机构，是《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》针对安然公司会计丑闻而设立的，它作为美国上市公司监管制度的重要组成部分，并不直接监管上市公司，而是对为上市公司提供审计服务的会计师事务所进行监督、检查和处分。\nPCAOB主要通过注册、检查、制定准则和执法四大功能来实现对注册会计师行业的监管。PCAOB保证审计质量的主要武器有两个：一是，审计底稿的获取；二是，可以进入现场实时检查。PCAOB要求对签约会计师事务所能够做到实时检查——随时可以抽查，要数据立即给，以保证对上市公司财务数据的审计质量。\n无论是对为某在美上市公司服务的会计师事务不提供审计底稿的行为，还是无法对该会计师事务所进行现场实时检查，PCAOB都可以认定该在美上市公司存在无法检查年度，根据《外国公司问责法案》，SEC可以要求在美上市公司批露相关信息，或强迫退市。正是从这个意义上，《外国公司问责法案》对PCAOB的功能进行了极大的强化。\n需要指出的是，SEC和PCAOB的执法目标是不同的，SEC主要是针对案件调查，一案一查，主权国家境内配合相对容易。而PCAOB强调的是日常监管，根据监管的需要，随时抽查或要求会计师事务所提供审计底稿，或者直接进入会计师事务所所在地，对会计师事务所进行相关检查，涉及到的执法管辖权的冲突，主权国家配合难度较大。\nPCAOB需要检查的中概股公司，由中国会计师事务所审计，审计底稿留存中国境内，PCAOB不能直接获得，同时也不允许PCAOB直接对位于中国的会计师事务所进行检查。2009年中国施行的《关于加强在境外发行证券与上市相关保密和档案管理工作的规定》中也明确，境外发行证券与上市保密和档案管理工作涉及的跨境证券监管事宜，应通过中国证监会进行，现场检查应以中国监管机构为主进行，或者依赖中国监管机构的检查结果。同时不允许会计师事务所直接提供审计底稿。\n“在境外发行证券与上市过程中，提供相关证券服务的证券公司、证券服务机构在境内形成的工作底稿等档案应当存放在境内”，且“未经有关主管部门批准，也不得将其携带、寄运至境外或者通过信息技术等任何手段传递给境外机构或者个人”。2019年年底，新修订的《证券法》对此进行了重申。\n2013年3月，中国证监会根据国务院批示精神制定了对外提供审计底稿流程，在不违反中国有关保密法律法规和不损害公共利益的前提下，开始在国际证监会组织多边备忘录框架下，向境外监管机构提供有关中概股公司审计底稿，开展执法合作。2013年5月，中国证监会和财政部与PCAOB签订执法合作谅解备忘录。中方同意按照相关流程，向SEC和PCAOB提供经审核不涉及国家秘密的审计底稿，但留下了关键分歧：PCAOB要求入境单独或联合检查相关会计师事务所，中方主张PCAOB依赖中方监管。\n本次中概股风波看似乍起，其实早有端倪，中国政府加强对中国公司境外上市监管早已纳入考虑范围，最近更是加紧相关立法动作，要将以红筹方式间接上市也纳入事前审批，同时对直接上市的事前审核予以进一步完善。\n中概股企业“危中有机”“挑战与机遇并存”，要做好积极应对，在中美博弈和国际竞争加剧的局势下，近期来讲要密切关注政府监管的立法动向，高度关注合规问题，全面评估企业数据安全保护体系和措施、数据跨境风险、行业数据垄断、个人信息保护、反垄断、平台用工、劳资关系等合规风险，做好突发情况和舆情应对方案；长远来讲更要透彻研究中美法律规则的具体要求，进一步完善合规体系和具体制度，将企业长远和稳健发展的目标与日常经营活动更好的结合，与政府、学界、行业组织、公众和社会建立畅通有效的沟通渠道和合作机制，不仅为企业自身生存和发展奠定坚实基础，也为所处领域和产业的健康有序发展贡献力量。\n（作者王轩为广州大学粤港澳大湾区法制研究中心研究员，澄观治库执行主任；吴小亮为澄观治库高级研究员）","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":true,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":1},"commentList":[{"id":148608090,"gmtCreate":1625969617610,"gmtModify":1703751368482,"author":{"id":"3586177722241250","authorId":"3586177722241250","name":"EliTan","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a52c68e0b84d7f61c9d9ccf225bb2bb8","vip":1,"crmLevel":8,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"idStr":"3586177722241250","authorIdStr":"3586177722241250"},"htmlText":"Ok","listText":"Ok","text":"Ok","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/148608090","repostId":1164526375,"repostType":4,"isVote":1,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"tweetType":1,"langContent":"EN"},{"id":148028697,"gmtCreate":1625903362219,"gmtModify":1703750757974,"author":{"id":"4087795059791090","authorId":"4087795059791090","name":"sunshine268","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/4723591e8a387c46e4f893c243634130","vip":1,"crmLevel":1,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"idStr":"4087795059791090","authorIdStr":"4087795059791090"},"htmlText":".....","listText":".....","text":".....","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/148028697","repostId":1164526375,"repostType":4,"is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