芒格不犯大错原因：把失败原因排成决策前的检查清单

投资银行在线2021-03-06

“大部分人更关心如何在股市投资上成功，查理（芒格）最关心的却是为什么在股市投资上大部分人都失败了。”这是芒格家族财富主要管理者、喜马拉雅资本创始人李录在《穷查理宝典》的序言中提到的。根据李录的观察，在芒格漫长的一生中，持续不断地收集并研究关于各种各样的著名失败案例，并把那些失败的原因排列成作出正确决策前的检查清单，这使他在人生、事业的决策上几乎从不犯重大错误。毫无疑问，《穷查理宝典》是最值得反复读...

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Comment（21）

TTYY2011
·2021-03-07
濃濃的一碗雞湯
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愿投资顺利
·2021-03-07
芒格老了，這兩個老頑固始終想不明白bitcoin.
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万象入星辰
·2021-03-07
提前佈局謀局！
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53570b80
·2021-03-07
如果知道自己死在哪兒就不去那兒-對失敗錯誤分析逆向思維實事求是-避免思維盲點認知限制不斷修正注重細節訓練客觀-能力圈邊界證否斷言：衍生產品氾濫成災人類誤判心理學應用
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Astar
·2021-03-07
哈
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Fred_6810
·2021-03-06
同意。好辦法
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琳泽
·2021-03-06
棒
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1
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CJing
·2021-03-06
時刻保持理性。不忘初心。
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求知的戴维斯
·2021-03-06
6
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招财猫附身
·2021-03-06
如果一直不犯錯可能就很難把握利潤最高的低點，學習精髓但不要盲目跟從
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1
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- 招财猫附身:
  资本的本质就是贪婪
  2021-03-07
  Reply
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- 猛逃:
  贪婪[白眼]
  2021-03-06
  Reply
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红黑走股
·2021-03-06
典型的INTP類型人格，永遠保持好奇，遵守個人紀律
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2
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cherryxy
·2021-03-06
成功了，放屁拉屎都是香的，失敗了，能被唾沫口水淹死
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金钱捕手黄
·2021-03-06
優秀的人始終都優秀
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1
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JackyLove
·2021-03-06
好
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仅有的温柔丶
·2021-03-06
看不懂啊
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仅有的温柔丶
·2021-03-06
看不懂
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交易机器人9104
·2021-03-06
李錄就算了推薦點芒格自己寫的書吧
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3
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- JackyLove:
  lol
  2021-03-06
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汇汇汇
·2021-03-06
失誤少，成績也不大，當年投微軟，後來投亞馬遜，近來投特斯拉，早就世界第一了
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8
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- Kinag:
  what is going on??
  2021-03-08
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- 汇汇汇:
  比菲特主要还是做保险赚钱
  2021-03-06
  Reply
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- 猛逃:
  太贪婪[抠鼻]
  2021-03-06
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保留实力
·2021-03-06
理性思考
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2
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Telokgirl
·2021-03-06
Mark
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6
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- 尼克欢:
  互赞互粉互回复
  2021-03-08
  Reply
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- Tesla Go:
  不错
  2021-03-06
  Reply
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- 少年A梦:
  不错
  2021-03-06
  Reply
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decision","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/cc6c9a86c589dfe577e22078f760a5d2","symbols_score_info":{"BRK.A":0.9},"content_text":"“大部分人更关心如何在股市投资上成功，查理（芒格）最关心的却是为什么在股市投资上大部分人都失败了。”这是芒格家族财富主要管理者、喜马拉雅资本创始人李录在《穷查理宝典》的序言中提到的。根据李录的观察，在芒格漫长的一生中，持续不断地收集并研究关于各种各样的著名失败案例，并把那些失败的原因排列成作出正确决策前的检查清单，这使他在人生、事业的决策上几乎从不犯重大错误。毫无疑问，《穷查理宝典》是最值得反复读的投资书籍之一。小雅读了不下10遍，在人生的不同阶段读，有着不同的收获。其中，李录为此书做的中文序言，是这本书最好的解读，集芒格和李录智慧之大成，既有投资智慧，也充满人生智慧。李录非常强调对知识的诚实，反对用教条主义和条条框框对事情做简单定义，之前小雅跟李录先生面对面请教时，李录曾对不要教条做过提醒。李录最近在接受国内媒体最新一次访谈时也提到：”我个人很反对用‘主义’去定义很多事......投资是一件实事求是的事。”李录在《穷查理宝典》一书的序言中，其实也反复提到了芒格“从来不受任何条条框框的束缚，也没有任何教条。”回过头来再读，会理解更深刻。序言中，李录不吝分享了他的人生经历，对我们在成长中如何做选择会有启示；他也慷慨分享了自己对芒格的近距离观察，在细节中可以看到人生智慧。把失败原因排成正确决策前的检查清单巴菲特说他一生遇人无数，从来没有遇到过像查理这样的人。在同查理交往的这些年里，我有幸能近距离了解查理，也对这一点深信不疑。甚至在我所阅读过的古今中外人物传记中也没有发现类似的人。查理就是如此独特的人，他的独特性既表现在他的思想上，也表现在他的人格上。比如说，查理思考问题总是从逆向开始。如果要明白人生如何才能得到幸福，查理首先会研究人生如何才能变得痛苦；要研究企业如何做强做大，查理首先研究企业是如何衰败的；大部分人更关心如何在股市投资上成功，查理最关心的却是为什么在股市投资上大部分人都失败了。他的这种思考方法来源于下面这句农夫谚语中所蕴含的哲理：我只想知道将来我会死在什么地方，这样我就永远不去那儿了。查理在他漫长的一生中，持续不断地收集并研究关于各种各样的人物、各行各业的企业以及政府管治、学术研究等各领域中的著名失败案例，并把那些失败的原因排列成作出正确决策前的检查清单，这使他在人生、事业的决策上几乎从不犯重大错误。这点对巴菲特及伯克希尔50年业绩的重要性是再强调也不为过的。不教条，不受条条框框的束缚查理的头脑是原创性的，从来不受任何条条框框的束缚，也没有任何教条。他有儿童一样的好奇心，又有第一流科学家所具备的研究素质和科学研究方法，一生都有强烈的求知欲，几乎对所有的问题都感兴趣。任何一个问题在他看来都可以使用正确的方法通过自学完全掌握，并可以在前人的基础上进行创新。在这点上他和富兰克林非常相似，类似于一位18、19世纪百科全书式的人物。近代很多第一流的专家学者能够在自己狭小的研究领域内做到相对客观，但一旦离开自己的领域不远，就开始变得主观、教条、僵化，或者干脆就失去了自我学习的能力，所以大都免不了瞎子摸象的局限。查理的脑子就从来没有任何学科的条条框框。他的思想辐射到事业、人生、知识的每一个角落。在他看来，世间宇宙万物都是一个相互作用的整体，人类所有的知识都是对这一整体研究的部分尝试，只有把这些知识结合起来，并贯穿在一个思想框架中，才能对正确的认知和决策起到帮助作用。所以他提倡要学习在所有学科中真正重要的理论，并在此基础上形成所谓的“普世智慧”，以此为利器去研究商业投资领域的重要问题。查理在本书中详细地阐述了如何才能获得这样的“普世智慧”。对知识诚实，界定自己的能力圈查理这种思维方式是基于对知识的诚实。他认为，这个世界复杂多变，人类的认知永远存在着限制，所以你必须使用所有的工具，同时要注重收集各种新的可以证否的证据，并随时修正，即所谓“知之为知之，不知为不知”。事实上，所有的人都存在思想上的盲点。我们对于自己的专业、旁人或是某一件事情或许能够做到客观，但是对于天下万事万物都秉持客观的态度却是很难的，甚至可以说是有违人之本性的。但是查理却可以做到凡事客观。在这本书里，查理也讲到了通过后天的训练是可以培养客观精神的。而这种思维方式的养成将使你看到别人看不到的东西，预测到别人预测不到的未来，从而过上更幸福、自由和成功的生活。但即使这样，一个人在一生中真正可以得到的远见卓识仍然非常有限，所以正确的决策必须局限在自己的“能力圈”以内。一种不能够界定其边界的能力当然不能称为真正的能力。怎么才能界定自己的能力圈呢？查理说，如果我要拥有一种观点，如果我不能够比全世界最聪明、最有能力、最有资格反驳这个观点的人更能够证否自己，我就不配拥有这个观点。所以当查理真正地持有某个观点时，他的想法既原创、独特，又几乎从不犯错。用理性看穿事物的本质一次，查理邻座一位漂亮的女士坚持让查理用一个词来总结他的成功，查理说是“理性”。然而，查理讲的“理性”却不是我们一般人理解的理性。查理对理性有更苛刻的定义。正是这样的“理性”，让查理具有敏锐独到的眼光和洞察力，既使对于完全陌生的领域，他也能一眼看穿事物的本质。巴菲特把查理的这个特点称作“两分钟效应”——他说查理比世界上任何人更能在最短时间之内把一个复杂商业的本质说清楚。伯克希尔投资比亚迪的经过就是一个例证。记得2003年我第一次同查理谈到比亚迪时，他虽然从没有见过王传福本人，也从未参观过比亚迪的工厂，甚至对中国的市场和文化也相对陌生，可是他当时对比亚迪提出的问题和评论，今天看来仍然是投资比亚迪最实质的问题。人人都有盲点，再优秀的人也不例外。巴菲特说：“本杰明·格林厄姆曾经教我只买便宜的股票，查理让我改变了这种想法。这是查理对我真正的影响。要让我从格林厄姆的局限理论中走出来，需要一股强大的力量。查理的思想就是那股力量，他扩大了我的视野。”对此，我自己也有深切的体会。至少在两个重大问题上，查理帮我指出了我思维上的盲点，如果不是他的帮助，我现在还在从猿到人的进化过程中慢慢爬行。巴菲特50年来在不同的场合反复强调，查理对他本人和伯克希尔的影响完全无人可以取代。查理一辈子研究人类灾难性的错误，对于由于人类心理倾向引起的灾难性错误尤其情有独钟。最具贡献的是他预测到，金融衍生产品的泛滥和会计审计制度的漏洞即将给人类带来灾难。早在1990年代末期，他和巴菲特先生已经提出了金融衍生产品可能造成灾难性的影响，随着金融衍生产品的泛滥愈演愈烈，他们的警告也不断升级，甚至指出金融衍生产品是金融式的大规模杀伤武器，如果不能得到及时有效的制止，将会给现代文明社会带来灾难性的影响。2008年和2009年的金融海啸及全球经济大萧条不幸验证了查理的远见。从另一方面讲，他对这些问题的研究也为防范类似灾难的出现提供了宝贵的经验和知识，特别值得政府、金融界、企业界和学术界重视。解决实际问题，注重细节与巴菲特相比，查理的兴趣更为广泛。比如他对科学和软科学几乎所有的领域都有强烈的兴趣和广泛的研究，通过融会贯通，形成了原创性的、独特的芒格思想体系。相对于任何来自象牙塔内的思想体系，芒格主义完全为解决实际问题而生。比如说，据我所知，查理最早提出并系统研究人类心理倾向在投资和商业决策中的巨大影响。十几年后的今天，行为金融学已经成为经济学中最热门的研究领域，行为经济学也获得了诺贝尔经济学奖的认可。而查理在本书最后一讲“人类误判心理学”中所展现出的理论框架，在未来也很可能得到人们更广泛的理解和应用。查理的兴趣不仅限于思考，凡事也喜欢亲历亲为，并注重细节。他有一艘世界上最大的私人双体游艇，而这艘游艇就是他自己设计的。他还是个出色的建筑师。他按自己的喜好建造房子，从最初的图纸设计到之后的每一个细节，他都全程参与。比如他捐助的所有建筑物都是他自己亲自设计的，这包括了斯坦福大学研究生院宿舍楼、哈佛—西湖学校科学馆以及亨廷顿图书馆与园林的稀有图书研究馆。查理天生精力充沛。我认识查理是在1996年，那时他72岁。到今年查理86岁，已经过了十几年了。在这十几年里，查理的精力完全没有变化。他永远是精力旺盛，很早起身。早餐会议永远是七点半开始。同时由于某些晚宴应酬的缘故，他的睡眠时间可能要比常人少，但这些都不妨碍他旺盛的精力。而且，他记忆力惊人，我很多年前跟他讲的比亚迪的营运数字，我都已经记忆模糊了，他还记得。86岁的他记性比我这个年轻人还好。这些都是他天生的优势，但使他异常成功的特质却都是他后天努力获得的。成功时机重要，人的内在品质更重要查理对我而言，不仅是合伙人，是长辈，是老师，是朋友，是事业成功的典范，也是人生的楷模。我从他的身上不仅学到了价值投资的道理，也学到了很多做人的道理。他让我明白，一个人的成功并不是偶然的，时机固然重要，但人的内在品质更重要。查理喜欢与人早餐约会，时间通常是七点半。记得第一次与查理吃早餐时，我准时赶到，发现查理已经坐在那里把当天的报纸都看完了。虽然离七点半还差几分钟，但让一位德高望重的老人等我让我心里很不好受。第二次约会时，我大约提前了一刻钟到达，发现查理还是已经坐在那里看报纸了。到第三次约会，我提前半小时到达，结果查理还是在那里看报纸，仿佛他从未离开过那个座位，终年守候。直到第四次，我狠狠心提前一个钟头到达，六点半坐那里等候，到六点四十五的时候，查理悠悠地走进来了，手里拿着一摞报纸，头也不抬地坐下，完全没有注意到我的存在。以后我逐渐了解到，查理与人约会一定早到。到了以后也不浪费时间，会拿出准备好的报纸翻阅。自从知道查理的这个习惯后，以后我俩再约会，我都会提前到场，也拿一份报纸看，互不打扰，等七点半之后在一起吃早餐聊天。偶然查理也会迟到。有一次我带一位来自中国的青年创业者去见查理。查理因为从一个午餐会上赶来而迟到了半个小时。一到之后，查理先向我们两个年轻人郑重道歉，并详细解释他迟到的原因，甚至提出午餐会的代客泊车（Valet park）应如何改进才不会耽误客人45分钟的等候时间。那位中国青年既惊讶又感动，因为在全世界恐怕找不到一位地位如查理一般的长者会因迟到而向小辈反复道歉。融入生活，近距离地接触普通人在跟查理的交往中，另有一件事对我影响很大。有一年查理和我共同参加了一个外地的聚会。活动结束后，我要赶回纽约，没想到却在机场的候机厅遇见查理。他庞大的身体在过安检检测器的时候，不知什么原因导致检测器不断鸣叫示警。而查理就一次又一次地折返接受安检，如此折腾半天，好不容易过了安检，他的飞机已经起飞了。可查理也不着急，他抽出随身携带的书坐下来阅读，静等下一班飞机。那天正好我的飞机也误点了，我就陪他一起等。我问查理：“你有自己的私人飞机，伯克希尔也有专机，你为什么要到商用客机机场去经受这么多的麻烦呢？”查理答：“第一，我一个人坐专机太浪费油了。第二，我觉得坐商用飞机更安全。”但查理想说的真正理由是第三条：“我一辈子想要的就是融入生活（engage 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