Last week, investors were taken by surprise by Goldman Sachs’ bleak S&P 500 outlook. Goldman Sachs expects only a 3% annual return for the S&P 500 over the next 10 years. In comparison, the S&P 500 has boasted a 14% annualized return over the past decade. JP Morgan, on the other hand, expects a 5.7% annual return over the next 10 years. Both firms cited high valuations and high concentration as the main reasons for future tepid returns. Goldman noted that the S&P 500 is now overly reliant on a few companies (e.g., the Magnificent Seven) for outsized return contributions, making it extremely difficult for any firm to maintain high levels of sales growth and profit margins over sustained periods. However, Goldman also acknowledged that its model has failed on multiple occasio