重磅解读！全球供应链困局的成因与解药

中欧商业评论2021-09-15

大多数消费者目前似乎还没有强烈感受到，全球几乎所有企业正在遭受的巨大挑战——全球供应链产生严重瓶颈所带来的紧张短缺、部分断裂的问题。这个问题不仅由于新冠疫情持续演变，也因过去商业模式所遗留下来的内在缺陷，和新的地缘政治冲突所致。比如面对半导体芯片的持续短缺，丰田已在本月宣布削减其40%的全球汽车产量。尽管产品需求强劲，但世界各地的工厂都买不到金属部件、塑料和其他原材料。建筑公司正在为油漆、...

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JachinWind
·2021-09-16
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中国ChinaATM
·2021-09-16
美國
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- CMLeong:
  [强]
  2021-09-16
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EricBong
·2021-09-16
嚴重了
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CKWAI
·2021-09-16
來，回覆和點贊，謝謝
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Youn7276
·2021-09-16
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- SP2021:
  Yue
  2021-09-16
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干将莫邪
·2021-09-15
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- Youn7276:
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  2021-09-16
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一直胡作非为
·2021-09-15
紙上談兵
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高明兴_8399
·2021-09-15
牛
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- 高明兴_8399:
  yes
  2021-09-15
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AB_Iphone
·2021-09-15
那麼嚴重
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- Miaw:
  [喷血]
  2021-09-15
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小涩涩墩
·2021-09-15
…
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shasha88
·2021-09-15
[財迷]
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- HC1979:
  [财迷]
  2021-09-15
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Shirley2208
·2021-09-15
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  2021-11-03
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Causes and antidotes of global supply chain dilemma","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/24da1a44aebbee4e24a2d1eb93df11a6","symbols_score_info":{},"content_text":"大多数消费者目前似乎还没有强烈感受到，全球几乎所有企业正在遭受的巨大挑战——全球供应链产生严重瓶颈所带来的紧张短缺、部分断裂的问题。这个问题不仅由于新冠疫情持续演变，也因过去商业模式所遗留下来的内在缺陷，和新的地缘政治冲突所致。\n\n\n 比如面对半导体芯片的持续短缺，丰田已在本月宣布削减其40%的全球汽车产量。尽管产品需求强劲，但世界各地的工厂都买不到金属部件、塑料和其他原材料。建筑公司正在为油漆、木材和五金支付更多的钱，但要等上数周甚至数月才能收到……\n\n\n 更令人担忧的是，由于供应链瓶颈，物价开始上涨，很可能加剧全球货币超发所导致的通货膨胀。面对严峻挑战，《中欧商业评论》特邀李平与石涌江两位教授，阐述全球供应链出现严重瓶颈的深层原因，并提出解决这些问题的可行性方案。\n\n近几个月，延误、产品短缺和成本上升，持续困扰着大大小小的企业及其用户。\n管理者和消费者也开始面对一种现代社会曾经罕见的经历：一方面是大量的订单涌入，形成瞬间的能力短缺继而恐慌焦虑；另一方面又因供应链上中下游无法协调动作，上游原材料缺货、中游在制品积压、下游产成品因缺乏运力而无法离岸。\n事到如今，我们不禁要问，造成目前供应链瓶颈的原因究竟是什么？\n瓶颈之源\n短期强力市场需求反弹是导致全球供应链紧张的最为直接的原因之一。\n全球经济复苏前景中持续存在异常的不确定性，而“供应链瓶颈”恰恰正是这种不确定性的核心因素。\n如果短缺一直持续到明年，很有可能推动一系列大宗商品的价格上涨。目前各国的中央银行都在关注潜在通货膨胀问题，其中一个无人可以完全自信回答，短缺和延迟只是随着经济复苏短暂出现？还是会成为持续较长时间的严重隐患？\n从表面情况来看，最近出现的强力市场需求反弹是导致全球供应链紧张的最为直接的因素或原因之一。这个问题很大程度上反映了市场需求的异常变化。\n美国和其他富裕国家的消费者被新冠疫情限制在家中，驱使他们为家里添购类似游戏机、跑步机、厨房用品等产品，因而导致有关产品供应不足。\n此外，由于新冠疫情，人们无法度假旅行，就把这方面节省下来的费用转向购买其他产品，也导致有关产品供应不足。\n再次，美国等国政府发放的新冠疫情补助金同时增加了消费者的购买能力与意愿，进一步加大供应不足的程度。\n疫情期间，受各种封锁措施的影响，全球供应链不可避免会承受压力。除了中国以外，东南亚作为全球供应链中重要的一环，由于最近疫情的反弹，经济生产活动严重受阻，其中又以越南、马来西亚等国最为严重。越南全国几乎都处于社会隔离的状态，其制造业正面临工人流失、订单流失、资本流失等三大危机。\n当然，除了疫情，极端气候、自然灾害也会对供应链产生了负面影响。不过，这只是由于天灾所导致的外部问题，最为严重的还有供应本身的问题。\n大多数企业低估了最近市场需求的反弹强力，没有事前预定足够的零配件与原材料，因此无法在短期内提升供应产量。\n\n例如，全球所有汽车企业都以为，这场新冠疫情会严重减少并延迟市场对汽车的购买，因此大幅度减少零部件购买订单，却万万没想到市场需求在很短时间内强力反弹，导致目前零配件严重不足，无法满足市场需求。这属于企业管理人员的判断错误，属于人为失误。\n2020年春季汽车行业进行大幅减产，而当中国市场显示出令人惊异的复苏势头时，中国某大型车企的高管表示汽车行业当时“只订购了3个月的半导体等零部件，并未拟定乐观的生产计划”。\n同时，不同行业的市场需求几乎同时反弹，也让大多数企业措手不及。全球半导体芯片的严重短缺就与此密切相关。\n汽车行业由于没有提前安排订单，目前很难获得所需要的芯片，因为有限的芯片生产能力大多转向更为盈利的电子产品行业。加拿大或日本的电视机订单的意外增长，加剧了芯片的短缺情况，迫使汽车制造商放慢从韩国到德国再到巴西的生产数量。\n而影响更为深远的是企业无法控制的政治因素。全球半导体短缺的重要开端是美国政府对中国大陆企业的制裁。代工企业中芯国际（SMIC）等成为制裁目标，订单集中涌向了以世界最大的台积电（TSMC）为中心的台湾企业。\n美国高通迅速采取行动，相继走访台积电和联华电子（UMC）等台湾半导体企业，为了替代中芯国际下了大量的订单。此外，由于美国政府加强对华为的制裁，台积电等台湾企业自7月起进入了罕见的繁忙期，因为华为提前下了超乎寻常的大量订单，抢在新制裁于9月启动之前囤货所需芯片。\n航运之难\n运输产生的严重瓶颈，导致运力难求，运费暴涨，交货延误。\n使得以上困难雪上加霜的还有在航运领域的巨大挑战。\n具体而言，今年3月开始，随着全球航运成本飙升，许多商品变得稀缺，导致大批集装箱让航运业应接不暇。先有一艘巨型货轮在苏伊士运河搁浅，数百艘货船受阻，导致连接欧洲与亚洲的重要航道交通中断了一周。苏伊士运河是占世界贸易约12%的货物的通道，这一负面影响持续了好几个月，加剧了海运业的混乱。\n后来，中国一系列与新冠疫情有关的港口临时关闭（包括深圳、烟台、宁波等）更加剧了这种混乱。大量的产品需要从中国的港口运往全球各个国家，这些港口的关闭成为波及全球的滚雪球事件，甚至威胁美国商店感恩节后的黑色星期五促销活动的商品供应。\n加之全球消费需求暴增，航运业订单量持续增加。美国港口到货量持续创纪录，但由于缺工、缺货柜，缺船，出现塞港情形，导致物流大延迟。例如，由于运到洛杉矶的集装箱无法卸货，爱荷华州的大豆没有集装箱可运，而印度尼西亚的买家只能等待，于是引发东南亚动物饲料的短缺。\n长期以来，廉价可靠的海运一直是国际贸易的重要组成部分，让制造商们能为寻找低工资劳动力和廉价原材料将生产在世界各地转移。但自新冠疫情以来，从亚洲向美国运输货物的成本已经上涨了10倍之多。\n\n疫情之前，一个40英尺集装箱从上海运到美国中西部需要花6000-7000美元，但定于9月中旬离开中国的下一批货物运费已至少是2.6万美元；再加上由于美国铁路和卡车运输的困难，运费很可能会涨到3.5万美元。\n通常情况下，跨太平洋的货运需求高峰始于夏末，结束于冬季，也就是年底节假日期间的货物备全之后。但去年冬季，货运需求的高峰一直没有结束，现在又与今年节假日期间购物高潮汇合在一起，加剧了工厂、仓库、货船和卡车的压力。\n如今，中国国内的现状加重了人们对未来前景的担心。很多企业面临几十年未遇的反常现象。一方面订单生产忙不过来，另一方面产品库存严重积压，无法发货。这是因为运输产生严重瓶颈，运力难求，运费暴涨，交货延误。\n更令人担心的是，由于供应链瓶颈，物价开始上涨，很可能加剧由于全球货币超发所导致的通货膨胀。这是大家最为担心，也是最不愿意看到的后果。\n深层之困\n全球企业都将长期面临深刻挑战，需重构自身业务的全球供应链。\n受丰田生产模式成功的影响，许多公司都采用了精益生产模式与即时生产模式(Just in Time/JIT)，以尽量削减库存和其他各种浪费。这对削减成本、提高利润很有效果，但这也给纠正差错留下极小的余地。\n有关研究发现，从1981年到2000年，美国企业每年平均降低2%库存，而省下来的成本用来回购上市股票，进一步推高股票市场价格。若企业处于相对稳定的情境下，如世界二战后的长期和平发展阶段，丰田生产模式显得异常有效。\n一旦情境变得高度混乱，特别是VUCA+时代（多变性、不确定性、复杂性、模糊性和新颖性），丰田生产模式内在的缺陷就会日益暴露。一旦供应链系统中任何一处出现问题，整个系统就会产生瓶颈，甚至出现不同程度的断裂。\n换言之，由于丰田生产模式构建在资源管理领域的紧密耦合(tight coupling)的底层逻辑之上，这种模式严重缺乏韧性，在遇到突发性危机以后的及时应对与快速反弹方面缺乏能力，紧密耦合仅仅只能在高纬度场景下发挥高效率作用。\n但场景变化，尤其是突然的变化，将这种耦合变成一种桎梏，阻碍应变能力的发挥。这一深层问题，应该提高到范式（即VUCA+范式）转变的高度，得到足够重视，并尽快有效解决。这是目前供应链瓶颈的第一个深层原因。\n第二个深层原因更为深刻，即以前全球化范式本身不可持续发展的问题。这个问题的核心内涵，是全球生产供应过于集中在少数几个国家，甚至只有一个国家（如中国成为所谓“世界工厂”），仅仅为了最大规模市场与最低人工成本。\n世界已得到了一个痛苦的教训：相隔万里的各个原本相对独立的多元经济体如此紧密地绑在一起，以至于任何一个地方的延误和短缺都会波及到几乎世界所有其他地方，无一幸免。这次新冠疫情最为形象生动地体现这一经济发展范式的弊端，而这一弊端长期被人们有意忽视，甚至恶意掩盖。\n\n换言之，出自贪婪本性，短期资本打着全球化对全球人民有利的旗号，利用对资方最为有利的商业模式，追求单一财务回报最大化，有意忽视，甚至恶意掩盖这一范式对社会造成的潜在风险与危害，尤其是对其他利益相关者长期利益而言。\n供应链的全球布局，客观上导致了生产配套与零售消费之间的地理性长距离，物流配送的多个环节以及运营复杂性的提高，直接的后果便是经营风险的提高和难以掌控。目前航运的瓶颈同样形象生动地反映了全球经济发展范式到底出现了什么问题。\n英国一家生产包装食品密封机器的公司因无法确保其所需部件的供货而步履维艰。公司在日本的供应商原本四到六周就能交付关键设备，现在需要半年。而那家日本供应商一直在努力确保其所需的电子元件，这些元件多数在亚洲生产，其他地方无法替代。加上汽车制造商不顾一切想获得芯片，让其他行业的企业更难获得本已严重短缺的零部件。这是紧密耦合在地理布局领域的体现，是第二个深层原因。\n第三个深层原因则和全球化之后的中国崛起有关。冷战结束以后，福山等人认为历史告一段落，市场经济与民主宪政将成为未来发展之统一模板。然而，谁都没有料想到，中国自从加入了WTO 之后，不仅如虎添翼，而且开始悄悄自行创立游戏规则，导致已有的全球经济体制遭受挑战。\n这最终引发了剧烈的中美贸易战和后续的一系列地缘政治导向的选边站队，在经济与政治制度等方面使得中国与西方发达国家开始分道扬镳。在这种基本格局之下，无论是中国的跨国公司或是本土企业，还是其它国家的跨国公司，全部都面临着一场前所未有的深刻挑战，即如何重构自己业务的全球供应链。\n重构之局\n供应链瓶颈的长期应对战略，应该以组织韧性为其底层逻辑。\n我们认为，供应链瓶颈的短期应对策略，以度过眼前难关为其基本原则。我们从中国企业如何应对的视角，提出一些可供选择的策略。\n\n遭遇交货延误的中国企业，应该争取与对方重新谈判新合同，恳请对方理解特殊情境所导致的困难，尤其是在不可抗力条件（而非自己的人为失误）造成的困境，尽量减少赔偿损失。\n中国企业需要特别关注现金流，保证有基本足够的流动资金，避免资金链断裂，以便顺利度过难关。\n中国企业可以充分利用政府目前支持“专精特新小巨人”企业的政策，加强突破技术瓶颈的必要研发，努力打造自身，成为未来隐形（单项/精一）冠军。我们认为，这是目前、以及未来很长一段时间内最具重大意义的国策，希望引起更多中国企业的重视。\n\n另一方面，我们主张供应链瓶颈的长期应对战略应该以组织韧性为其底层逻辑，以此克服以上提到的深层原因所带来的各种问题，包括即时生产模式、地理过于集中、中美严重冲突。\n关于韧性(resilience)的定义在不同领域有所不同，但基本上大同小异。韧性的核心本质就是反弹能力：韧性越高，在变形压力下继续发挥功能的潜力越大。然而，在管理学领域，韧性概念有所延伸与发展，主要在超越反弹能力方面。\n我们认为，组织韧性主要包含两大维度。第一个维度是在经历逆境危机情境打击之后，某一企业能够比本行业其他企业能够更快、更为有效地恢复反弹与继续存活。\n“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。这与工程领域韧性概念大体一致，其主要作用功能是应对逆境危机所带来的负面威胁。\n第二个维度是在经历逆境危机情境打击之后，某一企业能够比本行业其他企业能够更快、更为有效地超越反弹与存活，达到改进反超与更具活力，比逆境危机情境之前更上一层楼。这好比越挫越强的“反脆弱”或“逆脆弱”。\n这就是为何逆境可以磨练毅力，促进个人与组织更快成熟，正如俗语所言，“自古英雄多磨难，纨绔子弟少伟男”。孙悟空在太上老君炼丹炉里历经磨难，炼就“火眼金睛”，就是改进反超一个范例。\n组织韧性的第二维度与工程领域韧性概念具有明显区别，因此是其重要延伸与发展，其主要作用功能是应对逆境危机所带来的正面机遇。\n需要特别指出，不少人将韧性与对抗打击的抵抗力或鲁棒性(robustness)相提并论，混为一谈。但是，韧性与抵抗力具有本质区别：后者不会被逆境危机情境打击而受损，当然也不需要反弹或反超，而前者必须遭受打击后严重受损，却能够恢复反弹，甚至改进反超。\n一个形象比喻就是橡皮筋，其弹性反映韧性的恢复力与前冲力，但不是吸收性或容忍性，也不是泛泛的适应性。\n因此， “恢复反弹”与“改进反超”是韧性的两大核心内在特征。抵抗力类似《东观汉记·王霸传》中所提到的“疾风知劲草”中的“劲草”。\n与此不同，韧性关键不在于抵抗力，而在于反弹与反超能力，如同《孟子·告天下》名言所说，“故天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。”\n\n总之，组织韧性是企业面临当今VUCA+时代应对逆境危机的核心能力，包含反弹恢复和反超改进两大维度。我们认为，组织韧性主要体现于几下几个方面：\n\n精益模式与即时模式所提倡的零库存思路应该变成适度库存，根据不同情境采用不同的库存程度安排。在供应链最为薄弱的瓶颈之处需要较多的库存，以及其他资源的适度冗余(slack)，而在其他地方则可以尽量减少库存与其他冗余资源。\n需要适度分散供应商地理布局，不可过度依赖一个地方的唯一供应商，以此规避风险。民间经验没错，不应把所有鸡蛋放到一个篮子里。\n\n\n切实保障国内国际双循环两者之间的通畅流通，包括将市场需求与零部件供应分散于不同的多个发达国家与多个发展中国家。\n在海外并购隐形冠军企业可能是最有长期价值的投资，但并购方式需要灵活机动，可以多以少数股投资方式参与，强化双方彼此的信任。\n需要加强与地缘政治方面相对中立国家的合作关系，例如越南与某些条件具备的非洲国家。\n本土制造业空洞化的发达国家开始意识到目前危机的长远意义，定会寻求备用方案，尤其是建立本土核心供应链的替代方案。这对全球现有供应链的重组意义重大。中国需要对此保持密切关注，末雨绸缪。\n与此类似，中国需要在某些“卡脖子”领域里有所突破，以此与其他竞争国家形成彼此依赖、互为制约的格局，类似核武器国之间的遏制格局。\n面对某些领域的中美脱钩，中国需要格外关注，并积极参与全球行业标准的制定。此外，中国企业需要学会应对在全球重要行业存在两套相互竞争的行业标准体系的未来格局。\n\n面对日益明显的VUCA+情境，市场对供应链韧性要求越来越高，因为任何意外导致的延误都可能放大至一个行业，或数个行业供应链的上下游。\n我们认为，需要从根本上转变企业以短期财务回报为本的主流管理范式与商业模式。如果没有这一深刻范式转变，危机缓和之后大多数企业就会好了伤疤忘了疼，逐步回到以前的老路上去。\n这是一场管理革命，需要长期努力，重建可持续发展的长期平衡多元利益相关者权益的管理范式与商业模式。\n需要特别指出，目前涌现的“逆全球化”趋势，并不是对以前全球化范式的彻底否定，而只是部分纠偏，即从极端偏执的全球化范式转向长期持续平衡发展的未来全球化范式。\n根据中国外商投资2018年报告，2017年外资企业仅占全国企业总数不足3%, 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